Description
The Maidenhair Tree, better known as Ginkgo biloba or the Tree of Forty Crowns, is a legendary and fascinating species, considered a true living fossil. Having appeared more than 200 million years ago, it has survived geological eras and climatic upheavals that wiped out many other species. This majestic tree is admired for its exceptional longevity – some specimens live for over 1,000 years – and its remarkable resilience to pollution, diseases, and even radiation, as demonstrated by the trees that survived Hiroshima. Beyond its historical and symbolic value, the Ginkgo captivates with its fan-shaped leaves, unique in the plant kingdom, which turn a spectacular golden yellow in autumn, lighting up parks and gardens. It is also renowned for its medicinal uses, especially in Asian pharmacopoeia, where its leaves have been used for centuries. In gardens, it is a prestigious ornamental tree: aesthetic, ecological, and resilient, adaptable to a wide range of soils and climates. Its elegant silhouette and luminous foliage make it a preferred choice for large spaces, urban avenues, or botanical gardens.
Geographic origin: China, cultivated for over 1,000 years in temples and gardens.
Botanical family: Ginkgoaceae (monospecific family).
Notable features: Sole survivor of an ancient order, often described as a “living fossil.” Strong symbolism in Asia, associated with longevity and resilience.
Description: Deciduous tree, pyramidal in youth, becoming broader with age. Fan-shaped leaves with dichotomous venation.
Mature height: 20–30 m
Mature spread: 8–12 m
Habit: Pyramidal, later spreading
Bark: Grey-brown, fissured with age
Foliage: Deciduous, light green in spring, dark green in summer, golden yellow in autumn
Growth rate: Medium to slow
Hardiness: Down to −25 °C
Flowering period: April–May
Flowers: Discreet, dioecious (male and female trees separate). Male flowers in catkins, female in solitary ovules.
Fruits: Female trees produce yellowish, plum-like ovules with a strong odour at maturity. Seeds are edible once cooked.
Pollination: Wind-pollinated (anemophilous).
Ideal exposure: Full sun
Soil type: Deep, fresh, well-drained, tolerant of lime and urban conditions
Soil preparation: Loosen deeply, enrich with mature compost
Spacing: 6–10 m depending on use
Soil nature: Acid to neutral, tolerates stony and urban soils
At planting: Regular watering during the first year
At maturity: Very low needs, drought-tolerant once established
When and how: Light pruning in winter to remove dead or poorly oriented branches. Avoid heavy pruning.
Methods: Seed (slow and unpredictable), cuttings, grafting for cultivars
Ideal placement: As a specimen tree, in avenues, or in parks
Companion plants: Magnolias, Japanese maples, sweetgums
Traditional uses: Seeds roasted and eaten in Asia, leaves used in traditional medicine
Susceptibility: Very resistant, few pests or diseases
Prevention: No special care required
Plant in full sun, in deep, well-drained soil. Allow space for future growth. Avoid drastic pruning. Combine with ornamental species to highlight its golden autumn foliage.
The Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba), also known as the Tree of Forty Crowns, is a unique ornamental tree with a rich history. As a living fossil, it combines longevity, resilience, and beauty. Its fan-shaped leaves turn golden yellow in autumn, making it a highlight in gardens and cities. It tolerates pollution, diseases, and harsh climates, making it ideal for urban planting. Low-maintenance and versatile, it is suitable for parks, avenues, or as a specimen tree. Traditionally used in Asia for medicinal purposes and as a food source, it also carries strong cultural symbolism. Modern cultivars offer varied forms, from columnar to spreading, allowing integration into many landscape projects. The Maidenhair Tree is a tree of beauty, symbolism, and durability.
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